The following background data on Plague in Uganda are abstracted from Gideon www.GideonOnline.com and the Gideon e-book series. [1,2]

The earliest record of plague in Africa was a report by missionaries in Uganda in 1877, and reporting statistics for much of the continent have been documented for more than 100 years.

A series of plague epidemics were recorded in East AFrica during the 1920′s and 1930′s – see graph [3]

31,305 plague deaths were reported in Uganda during 1910 to 1919; 17,410 during 1920 to 1929; 11,387 during 1930 to 1939.

Presumed local reservoirs include the Nile rat, Arvicanthus niloticus.
- Presumed local flea vectors include Xenopsylla cheopis and X. brasiliensis.

Notable outbreaks:
1982 – An outbreak (152 cases, 3 fatal) was reported.
1986 – An outbreak (340 cases, 27 fatal) was reported.
1993 – An outbreak (167 cases, 18 fatal) was reported in Western Region (Nebbi District).
1998 – An outbreak was reported in Arua district.
2001 – An outbreak was reported in Nebbi District.
2004 – An outbreak (4 cases, 1 confirmed, 3 fatal) of pneumonic plague was reported in Kango Subcounty.
2006 – An outbreak (127 cases, 11 fatal) was reported in Arua and Nebbi Districts – including 12 cases of pneumonic plague.
2007 – Outbreaks (179 cases, total) were reported in Masindi District (19 cases, 9 fatal), and in Arua (121 cases, 10 fatal) and Nebbi (39 cases, 9 fatal).
2008 – An outbreak (68 deaths) was reported in Arua and Nebbi.

References:
1. Berger SA. Infectious Diseases of Uganda, 2012. 398 pp, 61 graphs, 1,711 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-uganda/
2. Berger SA. Plague: Global Status, 2012. 98 pp, 102 graphs, 524 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/plague-global-status/
3. Gideon graph tool at http://www.GIDEONonline.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/Gideon-Graphs.pps

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Rates of Hepatitis A in the Netherlands and bordering countries have been decreasing since the 1990′s – see graph:

The following background data are abstracted from the Gideon e-books series. [2,3]

Time and Place:
- Hepatitis A has been a notifiable disease in the Netherlands since 1951.
- Disease rates peak during October, largely due to increased number of cases acquired abroad.
- During 1993 to 2002, 64.4% of all cases were autochthonous, 6.5% imported from Turkey and 11.5% from Morocco.
- The disease incidence among children of Turkish and Moroccan descent declined from 70.3 per 100 000 in 2000, to 13.5 per 100 000 in 2005
- During 1992 to 2006, 1,697 cases were reported among MSM visiting STD clinics (mean rate 97 per 100,000 population)

Prevalence surveys:
1.1% of dates and 0% of fig samples (viral RNA, 2011 publication)

Seroprevalence surveys:
33.8% of the general population – including (age group 15 to 49 years) 90.9% of Turks, 95.8% of Moroccans, 20.1% of native Dutch and 25% of other Western people (2000 publication)
34% of the general population during 1995 to 1996; 39% during 2006 to 2007
41% of blood donors and 33.8% of the general population (1995 to 1996)
less than 10% below age 35; 25% at 35 years; 85% at 79 years

Notable outbreaks:
1977 – An outbreak (20 cases) in Amsterdam was caused by contaminated meat sold at a butcher shop.
1991 to 1993 – An outbreak (37 cases) was reported among MSM in Amsterdam.
1996 – An outbreak (41 cases) was reported in Heerlen.
1998 – An outbreak in Rotterdam was associated with MSM who frequented ‘gay bars.’
1999 – An outbreak (11 cases or more) in Nijmengen involved two schools and a nursery.
2004 – An outbreak (351 cases) was caused by contaminated orange juice served to tourists at a hotel in Egypt. 271 primary (and 7 secondary) cases were reported among Germans, 18 primary (13 secondary – from a food handler) cases Austrians, 10 Swedes, 9 Danes, 9 Dutch, 6 Belgian, 5 British, 2 Italian and 1 Swiss.
2004 – An outbreak (30 cases) was reported among homeless and drug users in Rotterdam.
2005 to 2006 – An outbreak (30 cases) was reported among elementary school children in Noord-Kennemerland region.
2009 to 2010 – An outbreak (11 cases) was associated with consumption of semi-dried tomatoes.

References:
1. Gideon graph tool at http://www.GIDEONonline.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/Gideon-Graphs.pps
2. Berger SA. Infectious Diseases of the Netherlands, 2012. 502 pp, 144 graphs, 2,091 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-the-netherlands/
3. Berger SA. Hepatitis A: Global Status, 2012. 166 pp, 180 graphs, 1,180 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/hepatitis-a-global-status/

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The following background data on Cryptosporidiosis in Australia are abstracted from Gideon www.GideonOnline.com and the Gideon e-book series. [1,2] :

Rates of Cryptosporidiosis in Australia are somewhat higher than those in New Zealand, and 7- to 8-fold those reported in the United States. (see graph) [3]

Infecting species:
- Sporadic cases of cryptosporidiosis are caused by Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum, C. andersoni and C. fayeri
- Cryptosporidium parvum has been detected in the Sydney water supply since 1998.
- Cryptosporidium canis has been recovered from dogs, and C. felis from cats – neither posing a significant public health risk to humans.
- Cryptosporidium sp. have been recovered from urban-adapted Common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and barramundi (Lates calcarifer)
- Cryptosporidium cuniculus has been identified in rabbits.
- Cryptosporidium fayeri, a species associated with marsupials, has been identified in a case of human infection.

Prevalence surveys:
2.2% of HIV-positive MSM, 0.6% of HIV-negative MSM and 3% of controls (Sydney, 2003 to 2006)
0.8% of stool samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects (Sydney, 2008 to 2009)
24.5% of pre-weaned sheep (Western Australia, 2009 publication)
22.3% of pre-weaned calves (Western Australia and New South Wales, 2010 publication)
58.5% of dairy and beef calves with diarrhea (Cryptosporidium spp., 2011 publication)
8.5% of fecal samples from animals living in Sydney water catchments (Cryptosporidium spp., 2011 publication)
71.4% to 81.3% of fecal samples from lambs in southern Western Australia (2011 publication)
9.3% of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) in Western Australia – 25% of these identified as Cryptosporidium fayeri (2011 publication)

Notable outbreaks:
1991 (publication year) – An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis was reported among children in Adelaide.
1994 to 1995 – Outbreaks (70 cases) were reported in the Sutherland area of Sydney during September 1994 to January 1995 – 17 of these acquired from a swimming pool.
1998 – An outbreak (161 cases confirmed) was reported in The Australian Capital Territory – 60% related to two public swimming pools.
1998 – Outbreaks related to swimming pools was reported in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne.
2001 – An outbreak (47 cases) in Tasmania was ascribed to animal contact at an agricultural show.
2002 (publication year) – An outbreak was associated with drinking unpasteurized milk.
2005 – Outbreaks (180 cases, approximate) were associated with swimming pools in New South Wales.
2008 – An outbreak in Sydney was associated with a swimming pool.
2009 – An outbreak (1,141 cases) was associated with swimming pools in New South Wales.
2009 – An outbreak (628 cases during January to March) was reported in Sydney.

References:
1. Berger SA. Infectious Diseases of Australia, 2012. 515 pp, 160 graphs, 2930 references, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-australia/
2. Berger SA. Cryptosporidiosis: Global Status, 2012. 77 pp, 47 graphs, 995 references. Gideon e-book series, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/cryptosporidiosis-global-status/
3. See Gideon graph tool at http://www.GIDEONonline.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/Gideon-Graphs.pps

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As of December 2011, most cases of human infection by H5N1 Influenza virus were reported in Cambodia, China, Egypt, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. In the following graph [1], note that successive peaks were reported by Vietnam and Indonesia, followed by increasing activity in Egypt during recent years.

The second graph [1] illustrates the fact that a disproportionately high case fatality rate has been reported among cases occurring in Indonesia.

References:
1. Graph tutorial at: http://www.GIDEONonline.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/Gideon-Graphs.pps

Note featured on ProMED

Rates of botulism in Germany have changed little since the 1980′s – as depicted in the following graph: [1, 2].

Of historic interest, the world’s first botulism outbreak was reported in this country. In 1793, thirteen residents of Wildbad acquired the disease from tainted sausage – thus the term “botulism” (Latin, botulus = sausage). [1,2]

References:
1. Berger S. Infectious Diseases of Germany, 2011. 488 pp, 145 graphs, 1906 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-germany/
2. Berger S. Botulism: Global Status, 2011. 80 pp, 86 graphs, 510 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/botulism-global-status/

Although the “rickettsiosis” reported in Michoacan could represent Rocky Mountain spotted fever, the extent and location of this outbreak suggests a diagnosis of Endemic typhus. In the following graph, I’ve compared the incidence of these two diseases in Mexico.

In fact, six Rickettsiae (including Coxiella burnetii, a related taxon) are reported in Mexico. The following summary is abstracted from Gideon www.GideonOnline.com and references 1-3. (primary references available on request)

Rickettsia felis:
Rickettsia felis infection was first identified in the Yucatan in 1996, where the organism has subsequently been identified in both humans and fleas.
- Infected fleas have also been recovered from flying squirrels in Mexico.
- Four cases were documented in the Yucatan to 2006.
- Eight cases (3 fatal) of “spotted fevers” were reported in the Yucatan during 2006 to 2007.
Prevalence surveys:
20% of Ctenocephalides felis fleas in Yucatan (2002 publication)
Seroprevalence surveys:
5% of healthy persons in Yucatan (1999)

Epidemic typhus:
– 7,353 fatal cases of epidemic typhus were reported during 1893 to 1907.
– 1,220 cases (707 fatal) were reported during 1939 to 1943.
– The average incidence during 1959 to 1961 was 146 cases per year.
– 64 cases (14 fatal) were reported during 1960 to 1963.
– A total of three outbreaks were reported during the 1980′s – two in Chiapas and one in Mexico State.
Prevalence surveys:
0% of body lice from prisoners and homeless persons in Mexico City (2009 publication)
Notable outbreaks:
1951 – An outbreak (737 fatal cases) was reported.
1966 – An outbreak (10 cases, 0 fatal) was reported in Zoyatlan de Juarez.
1966 to 1967 – An outbreak (18 cases, 3 fatal) was reported in Minas Viejas (Mexico State).
1967 – An outbreak (40 cases, 1 fatal) in Atlacomulco, Mexico State, originated from a patient with Brill-Zinsser disease.
1983 – An outbreak (102 cases, 0 fatal) was reported in Mexico State

Endemic typhus:
Endemic typhus is reported in Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quertaro, Tamaulipas, Yucatan and Zacatecas States.
Seroprevalence surveys:
14% to 17% of blood donors in Mexico City (2004 publication)

Rocky Mountain spotted fever
In Mexico, this disease is known as fiebre machada.
– During 1930 to 1950, cases were reported from Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa and Sonora.
– Rocky Mountain spotted fever has been identified in the Yucatan since 2005.
– Cases continue to occur in Sonora as of 2010
– Mexico’s first fatal case was reported in the southwestern region in 2004.
– 52 cases were reported in Baja California during February to July, 2009.
Prevalence surveys:
40% of patients suspected of having dengue (Yucatan and Jalisco, 1993)
Seroprevalence surveys:
5.6% of persons in rural Yucatan are seropositive toward spotted fever-group rickettsiae (possibly the R. akari group, 1999 publication)
Vectors:
The local vector is Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
- Spotted fever-group rickettsiae have also been isolated from Amblyomma cajennense in Veracruz.
- Amblyomma imitator has been identified as a potential vector in Nueva Leon.
Notable outbreaks:
2009 – An outbreak (4 fatal cases) was reported in Baja California.

Rickettsialpox
– Two cases of rickettsialpox were documented in Yucatan in 2008.
– Evidence of canine infection has been reported in Yucatan (2009 publication)

Q fever:
Seroprevalence surveys:
2% of humans, 2% of cattle and 6% of goats and sheep (1952)
1.46% of cows (1950)
28% of the dairy cattle, 10% of beef cattle, 35% of goats and 40% of sheep (Nueva Leon, 2002 publication)

References:
1. Berger S. Infectious Diseases of Mexico, 2011. 446 pp, 128 graphs, 1,655 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-mexico/
2. Berger S. Endemic Typhus: Global Status, 2011. 65 pp, 90 graphs, 83 references. Gideon e-books,
http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/epidemic-typhus-global-status/
3. Graph tutorial at: http://www.GIDEONonline.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/Gideon-Graphs.pps

Note featured on ProMED

The following background data on botulism in France are abstracted from Gideon www.GideonOnline.com and the Gideon e-book series. [1,2]

Time and Place:
– Botulism has been a notifiable disease in France since 1986.
– The yearly number of outbreaks has changed little during the past thirty years [see graph] [3]
– 56% of outbreaks during 1993 to 1996 were ascribed to ham products; 69% during 2001 to 2002.
– Annual botulism rates vary from 0.01 to 0.04 per 10,000, and are similar to rates reported in surrounding countries [see graph]
– 51 fatal cases were reported during 1956 to 2002
- 2 cases of infant botulism (both type B) were reported during 1983 to 2006; 7 (0 fatal) during 1991 to 2009; 1 per year from 2004 to 2008; 2 in 2009

Year(s) / Outbreaks / Cases / Deaths
1875 to 1939 / NA / 24 / 3
1940 to 1944 / 500 / 1,000 / NA
1945 to 1948 / 85 / NA / NA
1950 to 1954 / 5 / 26 / 2
1956 to 1970 / 134 / 337 / 17
1971 to 1980 / 290 / 621 / 16
1981 to 1990 / 170 / 293 / 12
1991 to 2000 / 142 / 278 / 5
2003 to 2006 / 56 / 96 / NA

Clostridium botulinum types:
- 87% of botulism cases reported during 1991 to 2000 were due to type B Clostridium botulinum, 6% type A and 6% type E.
- All cases reported during 1991 to 1996 were due to type B Clostridium botulinum, with highest incidence in the central region.
- 63 of 78 outbreaks reported during 1997 to 2002 were due to type B toxin.
- 16 cases of type E botulism were reported during 1952 to 1999.

In two cases, botulism was associated with inhaled cocaine.

Notable outbreaks:
1978 – An outbreak (31 cases, 0 fatal) of type B botulism was caused by contaminated soft cheese.
2000 – An outbreak (9 cases, 0 fatal) of type B botulism was caused by contaminated home-canned asparagus.
2001 (publication year) – An outbreak (3 cases, 0 fatal) of type B botulism was reported among members of a family.
2003 – An outbreak (4 cases, 0 fatal) of type B botulism involving two departments was caused by contaminated halal sausage.
2008 – An outbreak (2 cases, 0 fatal) of type A botulism in Brittany was caused by contaminated industrially-produced chicken enchiladas.
2009 – An outbreak (3 cases) of type E botulism in France was related to vacuum packed hot-smoked Canadian whitefish purchased in Finland.
2011 – An outbreak (8 cases) in the Vaucluse and the Somme was due to contaminated green almond tapenade.
2011 (publication year) – An outbreak (5 cases) in Corsica was related to ingestion of artisanal-produced food (canned green beans and/or salted roast pork).

References:
1. Berger SA. Infectious Diseases of France, 2011. Price: 687 pp, 286 graphs, 2159 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-france/
2. Berger SA. Botulism: Global Status, 2011. 80 pages, 86 graphs, 510 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/botulism-global-status/
3. Gideon graph tool tutorial at http://www.GIDEONonline.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/Gideon-Graphs.pps )

Steve Berger
Geographic Medicine
Tel Aviv Medical Center
mberger@post.tau.ac.il

Note featured on ProMED

The following background information on Bacillus cereus food poisoning in the United States is abstracted from Gideon www.GideonOnline.com the Gideon e-book series. [1] (primary references available on request)

Incidence and Prevalence:
– Bacillus cereus food poisoning accounts for approximately 2% of food-related disease outbreaks with confirmed etiology reported to CDC (United States Centers for Disease Control) .
– In one study, The estimated incidence was 27,360 cases per year (8 hospitalizations), accounting for 0.2% of all food-borne illness. A subsequent study estimated yearly incidence at 63,623 cases (2010 publication).

Year(s) / Reported outbreaks / Outbreak cases
1969 / 3 / 14
1971 / 0
1972 / 0
1973 / 1 / 2
1974 / 1 / 11
1975 / 3 / 45
1976 / 2 / 63
1980 / 9 *
1981 / 8 **
1993 to 1997 / 14 / 691
1998 to 2002 / 37 / 571
2006 / 13 / 72
2007 / 19 / 164
2008 / 15 / 122
* Included such vehicles as beef, turkey and Mexican foods
** Most involved rice and shellfish

Published outbreaks:
1976 (publication year) – An outbreak (4 cases) was associated with contaminated vegetable sprouts.
1981 (publication year) – An outbreak (4 cases) at a cafeteria was ascribed to contaminated macaroni-and-cheese.
1985 – An outbreak (11 cases) was associated with a Japanese restaurant in Maine.
1988 (publication year) – An outbreak at a Rhode Island nursing home was associated with consumption of beef stew.
1989 – An outbreak was reported at a catered wedding reception in California.
1993 (publication year) – An outbreak (139 cases) was associated with pork served at a university field day.
1993 – An outbreak among children and staff at two day-care centers in Virginia was associated with contaminated fried rice.
1998 – An outbreak (7 cases) at a church day school in Texas was ascribed to rice contaminated by handling.

References:
1. Berger SA. Infectious Diseases of the United States, 2011. 1030 pp, 464 graphs, 8237 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-the-united-states/

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The following background information on Bartonellosis in Peru is abstracted from Gideon and the Gideon e-book series. [1] Primary references are available on request.

Seasonality / Distribution:
- South American bartonellosis is primarily found in the Western Andes river valleys at elevations of 500 to 3000 meters – Ancash, La Libertad, Cajamarca and Amazonas.
- Cases are reported at elevations as high as 3,375 meters (town of Huasta).
- During 2004 to 2007, 36.1% of cases were reported from Cajamarca, 30.3% Ancash, 17.3% La Libertad and 8.0% Amazonas

Indidence – see graph:

Chronology:
1871 – 7,000 workers died of bartonellosis during the building of a railway line from Lima to Oroya. (thus the term, “Oroya fever.”)
1906 – An outbreak (200 fatal cases) was reported among tunnel workers.
1959 – An outbreak (200 fatal cases) was reported in Anco.
2003 – 31 fatal cases were reported. 3,431 cases were reported in Ancash and 1,220 in La Libertad.
2004 – 4,087 cases were reported in Jaen and 3,979 in Ancash.
2007 – 1,857 cases (12 fatal) of acute infection 584 of chronic infection were reported.
2011 – A fatal case was reported in the Lambayeque region.
1987 – An outbreak (554 cases, 14 fatal) was reported in Shumpillan Village (Pomabamba Province).
1998 – Outbreaks were reported in new focus in the Urubama region (20 cases), and in Cuzco Department.
2006 – An outbreak (10 cases) was reported in a new focus in Arahuan District, Lima Province.

Vectors:
- The local sand-fly vector is Lutzomyia verrucarum.
- L. maranonensis and L. rubusta have also been implicated.

Reference:
1. Berger SA. Infectious Diseases of Peru, 2011. 401 pp, 92 graphs, 1,282 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-peru/

Despite a widespread prevalence of toxoplasmosis among humans and other vertebrates, overt outbreaks are rarely reported. The following chronology is abstracted from Gideon (www.GideonOnline.com) and the Gideon e-book series. [1] (Primary references available on request)

Outbreaks among humans:
1967 (publication year) – Brazil. An outbreak at a Paulist seminary in Braganza, Sao Paulo State.
1969 (publication year) – Brazil. An outbreak of toxoplasmosis at a university in Sao-Jose-dos Campos, Sao Paulo.
1977 – United States. An outbreak (37 cases) in Georgia among patrons of a riding stable.
1978 – United States. An outbreak (10 cases) among members of a family in California, associated with consumption of raw goat’s milk.
1979 – Italy. An outbreak (5 cases) among members of a family.
1980 (publication year) – United States. An outbreak (10 cases) in an extended family, related to cat contact.
1981 (publication year) – United States. An outbreak in Georgia.
1982 (publication year) – Brazil. An outbreak in a rural area.
1984 (publication year) – United States. An outbreak (9 cases) among family members on an Illinois farm.
1984 (publication year) – Australia. An outbreak (5 cases) among members of a Lebanese family in Australia was ascribed to contaminated Kibbi (a traditional meat dish)
1990 (publication year) – Canada. 4 cases among pregnant women in Quebec, associated with consumption of raw meat.
1993 – Brazil. An outbreak (20 cases) in Parana was ascribed to ingestion of contaminated mutton.
1995 – Canada. An outbreak (2,895 to 7,118) cases in the Greater Victoria area of British Columbia. This was the largest recorded outbreak of toxoplasmosis from water
1997 (publication year) – Republic of Korea. Two outbreaks (8 cases) associated with consumption of uncooked pork.
2001 – Brazil. A water-borne outbreak (176 cases) in Parana
2002 – Brazil. A water-borne outbreak (426 cases) in Parana
2002 – Turkey. An outbreak (171 cases) at a boarding school in Izmir.
2003 to 2004 – French Guiana. An outbreak (11 cases, 3 fatal) in Patam, among immunocompetent patients.
2010 (publication year) – India. An outbreak (248 cases) of Toxoplasma retinitis in Tamil Nadu was ascribed to ingestion of contaminated water

Veterinary outbreaks:
1953 (publication year) – Norway. An outbreak among chickens
1964 (publication year) – Canada. An outbreak (44 cases) chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) in Ontario.
1977 (publication year) – Sweden. An outbreak of among pigs.
1977 – United States. An outbreak (4 cases) among wallaroos (Macropus robustus) in a California zoo.
1986 (publication year) – United States. An outbreak among captive kangaroos, wallabies, and potaroos.
1986 (publication year) – Italy. An outbreak on an bird-farm in Vicenza involved small passerine birds (Serinus canaria, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis cannabina and Pyrrhula pyrrhula).
1992 (publication year) – United States. An outbreak among wallabies on an exotic animal farm.
1992 (publication year) – United Kingdom. An outbreak of toxoplasmosis among captive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
1996 – Czezh Republic. An outbreak among Angora goats.
1999 – United States. An outbreak among Wisconsin mink (Mustela vison).
2004 – China. An outbreak among swine in Ganzu Province.
2008 (publication year) – Israel. An outbreak (19 cases) among captive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was ascribed to contaminated feed.
2008 (publication year) – South Africa. An outbreak (8 cases) among Nicobar pigeons (Caloenas nicobaria) in an aviary collection.
2009 (publication year) – Italy. An outbreak among ovines on a farm.
2009 (publication year) – Republic of Korea. An outbreak of porcine abortion due to toxoplasmosis was reported in Jeju Island.

Reference:
1. Berger SA. Toxoplasmosis: Global Status, 2011. 92 pp, 74 graphs, 950 references. Gideon e-books, http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/toxoplasmosis-global-status/